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Semua Asam Lemak Omega-3 Caffeine (Topikal) Dutasteride Finasteride Keratin Kolagen L-Cysteine Microneedling Minoxidil Minyak Rosemary MSM Selenium Seng Spironolactone Terapi Laser Tingkat Rendah Terapi PRP Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Zat Besi
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Fig. 2. Ludwig scale representation
Figure 4 Diagram

The Ludwig scale classifies female pattern hair loss into three progressive stages, ranging from minimal thinning at the crown (Grade I) to extensive hair loss across the top of the scalp (Grade III). This grading system remains one of the most widely used clinical tools for assessing FPHL severity.

Female pattern hair loss: A clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic review.

Fig. 3. Sinclair Scale Sinclair’s classification. MPA is divided into four levels of intensity on the basis of normal scalp to the left (Sinclair et al., 2005).
Figure 5 Diagram

Sinclair's classification divides midline pattern alopecia into four intensity levels, progressing from a normal-appearing scalp to increasingly visible widening of the central part. The scale, introduced by Sinclair et al. (2005), provides a practical visual reference for clinicians assessing hair loss severity.

Female pattern hair loss: A clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic review.

Fig. 4. Olsen´s classification. Olsen patterns incorporate the accentuation of the front-overtical alopecia, which has a triangular or Christmas tree form with hair loss in a triangular form in the front-overtical area (Olsen, 2002).
Figure 6 Diagram

Olsen's classification system highlights the characteristic triangular or Christmas-tree pattern of frontovertical alopecia seen in female pattern hair loss. The accentuation of thinning at the frontal midline distinguishes this pattern from the more diffuse Ludwig classification.

Female pattern hair loss: A clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic review.

Figure 6
Figure 6 Diagram

Metabolic fates of L-cysteine in human biochemistry are outlined, including pathways leading to glutathione synthesis, taurine production, and sulfate generation. Each pathway serves distinct physiological functions from antioxidant defense to bile acid conjugation.

Effects of the Usage of l-Cysteine (l-Cys) on Human Health.

Figure 2. Summary of cysteine metabolism [8].
Figure 8 Diagram

Cysteine metabolism is summarized in a pathway diagram showing the interconversion of cysteine with methionine, glutathione, and taurine. The metabolic map highlights key enzymes and intermediates governing sulfur amino acid homeostasis in human tissues.

Effects of the Usage of l-Cysteine (l-Cys) on Human Health.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Diagram

Classification systems for androgenetic alopecia severity are presented, distinguishing male and female pattern hair loss stages.

Androgenetic alopecia: An update.

Fig 3. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis by SRD5A2 in AGA. The SRD5A2 synthesizes DHT by converting testosterone in the presence of NADPH to DHT.
Figure 3 Diagram

The DHT synthesis pathway via SRD5A2 is diagrammed, showing how 5-alpha reductase converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the presence of NADPH, the key hormonal driver of AGA.

Androgenetic alopecia: An update.

Fig 4. Mechanism of inhibition by finasteride - covalent adduct between NADPH and finasteride. E57TM2 facilitates the hydride transfer to the D1,2 bond of finasteride to the covalent bond in the red circle. The covalent bond prevents a further hydride trans
Figure 4 Diagram

Finasteride's mechanism of inhibition is depicted at the molecular level, showing covalent adduct formation between NADPH and finasteride that prevents further hydride transfer to testosterone.

Androgenetic alopecia: An update.

Fig 5. The structure of human SRD5A2. (A), Spheres represent NADP-DHF adduct. L1-6 are the 6 loops connecting the 7 transmembranes (TM), and the TM portion has 254 amino acid residues. (B), The active site inside the 7 TM channels surrounded by L1, L3, an
Figure 5 Diagram

The three-dimensional structure of human SRD5A2 is shown with its seven transmembrane domains, active site, and NADP-DHF adduct positioning within the enzyme channel.

Androgenetic alopecia: An update.

Figure 4
Figure 4 Diagram

Experimental findings on adverse effects of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in animal models are summarized, providing mechanistic insights into how these drugs may affect the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Post-finasteride syndrome: An emerging clinical problem.

Figure 5
Figure 5 Diagram

Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the persistent side effects of finasteride are outlined, connecting hormonal disruption to epigenetic changes and altered gut microbiota composition.

Post-finasteride syndrome: An emerging clinical problem.

Fig. 3. Side effects of treatment with 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors in experimental models. For details, see text.
Figure 6 Diagram

Side effects of treatment with 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors observed in experimental models are comprehensively catalogued, covering reproductive, neurological, and metabolic endpoints.

Post-finasteride syndrome: An emerging clinical problem.

Figure 5
Figure 5 Diagram

A proposed treatment algorithm for female pattern hair loss incorporates finasteride as a potential alternative when topical minoxidil fails, including appropriate patient selection criteria and monitoring requirements.

Finasteride and Its Potential for the Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss: …

Figure 1. CBD chemical structure (source: PUBCHEM [9]). CBD: cannabidiol.
Figure 2 Diagram

Chemical structure of cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive cannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa, illustrating its molecular formula and structural features.

The Impact of Cannabidiol on Psychiatric and Medical Conditions.

Figure 2. Chemical structure of THC for comparison (source: PUBCHEM [9]). THC: tetrahydrocannabinol.
Figure 3 Diagram

Chemical structure of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) presented for comparison with CBD, highlighting the structural differences between the psychoactive and non-psychoactive cannabinoids.

The Impact of Cannabidiol on Psychiatric and Medical Conditions.

Figure 1. Simplified cellular one-carbon (1C) metabolism. B-vitamins are pleiotropic molecules, as they are involved in nucleotide synthesis, DNA repair, methylation, and transsulfuration. In this review, we focus on the impact of increasing dietary levels
Figure 6 Diagram

Simplified overview of cellular one-carbon metabolism pathways, illustrating how B-vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B12, choline) participate in nucleotide synthesis, DNA repair, methylation, and transsulfuration reactions relevant to brain health.

The Role of One-Carbon Metabolism in Healthy Brain Aging.