Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms.

Bu Young Choi

Review International journal of molecular sciences 2018 93 citazioni

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Study Design

Tipo di studio: Review

Intervento: Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms.
Comparatore: Placebo
Direzione dell'effetto: Positive
Rischio di bias: Unclear

Abstract

The functional aspect of scalp hair is not only to protect from solar radiation and heat/cold exposure but also to contribute to one's appearance and personality. Progressive hair loss has a cosmetic and social impact. Hair undergoes three stages of hair cycle: the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases. Through cyclical loss and new-hair growth, the number of hairs remains relatively constant. A variety of factors, such as hormones, nutritional status, and exposure to radiations, environmental toxicants, and medications, may affect hair growth. Androgens are the most important of these factors that cause androgenic alopecia. Other forms of hair loss include immunogenic hair loss, that is, alopecia areata. Although a number of therapies, such as finasteride and minoxidil, are approved medications, and a few others (e.g., tofacitinib) are in progress, a wide variety of structurally diverse classes of phytochemicals, including those present in ginseng, have demonstrated hair growth-promoting effects in a large number of preclinical studies. The purpose of this review is to focus on the potential of ginseng and its metabolites on the prevention of hair loss and its underlying mechanisms.

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Figures

Figure 1

Schematic diagram illustrating the molecular mechanisms by which ginseng and its major metabolites (ginsenosides) promote hair growth, including effects on the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, dermal papilla cell proliferation, and hair follicle cycling.

diagram

Tables

Table 1

Type	Study Model	Dosage	Action Mechanism	Target	Reference
Fructus panax	Human hair dermal papilla cells	0.8, 4, 20, 100, 500 μg/mL	FPG elicited the proliferation of DPC by the upregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 accompanied by the inhibition of apoptotic Bax expression	Apoptosis	[4]
ginseng extract (FPG) (95% EtOH)	Male six-week-old C57BL/6 mice	1 mg/mL		Apoptosis	[4]
Ginsenoside Re	Male six-week-old C57BL/6 mice	1 or 5 mg/d	Ginsenoside Re is the effective constituent in Panax ginseng that promotes hair growth through inhibition of transition related TGF-β signaling pathways.	TGF	[5]
	Cultured C57BL/6 mouse HFs	10 or 50 mg/L
	HeLa cells	10 mg/L
Polyacetylenes isolated from P. ginseng	Neurotrophin receptor-binding inhibition assay	sample solution (10, 30, and 100 μM)	Inhibits BDNF-TrkB binding.	Growth	[6]
Ginsenoside F2	Human hair dermal papilla cells	0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM	(1) Stimulates proliferation of HHDPC and HaCaT; (2) increases β-catenin and Lef-1 expression and decreases DKK-1 expression in HHDPC; (3) hair anagen induction and acceleration of hair growth in mouse model; (4) increases β-catenin expression and decreases DKK-1 expression in mouse tissue.	WNT	[7]
	Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells	0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM
	Male six-week-old C57BL/6 mice	0. 5 and 2.5 mg/kg
Root of PG extract (70% EtOH)	Human ORS keratinocytes	20 ppm	PG extract may enhance ORS and hDPC stimulation of hair follicle growth despite the presence of DKK-1, a strong catagen inducer	WNT	[29]
Root of PG extract (70% EtOH)	Anagen HFs from human scalp-skin specimens	20 ppm		WNT	[29]
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG)	Human (patients diagnosed with AA)	Treated with corticosteroid ILI while taking KRG	KRG can result in improved hair regrowth in AA patients.		[20]
KRG extract	Follicular keratinocytes (FKCs)	0~1000 μg/mL	KRG may protect against 4-HC-induced premature dystrophy as it occurs in CIA in vivo. Possible mechanisms include the stimulation of hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and inhibition of hair matrix keratinocyte apoptosis, which are possibly mediated through modulation of p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 expression.	Apotosis	[21]
KRG extract	Human anagen hair follicles	500 μg/mL		Apotosis	[21]
Red ginseng extract (RGE)	Six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice	3%	RGE and its ginsenosides may enhance hDPC proliferation, activate the ERK and AKT/PKB signaling pathways in hDPCs, upregulate hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation, and inhibit DHT-induced androgen receptor transcription.	Growth 5aR	[16]
RGE, insenoside-Rb1	Human hair follicles	100 μg/mL		Growth 5aR	[16]
Red ginseng oil (RGO)	C57BL/6 mice	RGO 10%	Upregulates Wnt/-catenin and Shh/Gli pathways-mediated expression of genes such as β-catenin, Lef-1, Sonic hedgehog, Smoothened, Gli-1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E in TES-treated mice. RGO and its major components reduce the protein level of TGF-β but enhance the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.	WNT ShhGrowth TGF Apoptosis	[25]
KRG	Human (patients with female pattern hair loss)	Oral	Patients about the size of the vertex spot, hair loss on the top of scalp, bitemporal recession, hair shedding, hair quality, and overall satisfaction; group 2 was more satisfied at 24 weeks.		[68]
Ginsenoside Rg3	Human DP cells	1, 5, 10 μM	Dose-dependent increases in VEGF, CD8, CD34 Rg3 might increase hair growth through stimulation of hair-follicle stem cells	Growth	[69]
Ginsenoside Rg3	Female C57BL/6 mice	1000 μM		Growth	[69]
Red ginseng (RGE)	B6C3F1 mice	20, 50 μg/mL	Hair growth-promoting assay using mouse vibrissal follicles in organ culture	Growth	[26]
White ginseng (WGE)Ginsenoside-Rb1 (G-Rb1), Rg1 (G-Rg1), -Ro (G-Ro)	Mouse vibrissal hair follicles	10 μg/mL		Growth	[26]
Ginseng rhizomeGinsenoside Ro	C57BL/6 mice	extracts of red ginseng rhizomes (2 mg/mouse) and ginsenoside Ro (0.2 mg/mouse)	Inhibitory activity against 5αR in the androgenetic alopecia model.	5aR	[27]
Ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1	Cultured hHFs	2, 5, and 10 mg/mL PG extracts and 1 mM of the ginsenosides Rb1, Re and Rg1	PG extract using hHF organ culture, and promoting hair growth through similar mechanisms to those of minoxidil.	5aR	[36]